Malic Acid: A sharp, tart acid found in grapes as well as in green apples. Less-ripe grapes or grapes grown in cooler climates can contain high levels of malic acid; the resulting wines often contain aromas and flavors reminiscent of green apples. It is converted to smoother lactic acid during malolactic fermentation.

苹果酸：在葡萄和青苹果里发现的一种尖锐的酸。不太成熟的或在较冷气候下生长的葡萄中苹果酸含量高；导致所酿成的葡萄酒通常含有青苹果的芳香和味道。在苹乳酸发酵期间，苹果酸会转化为更圆滑的乳酸。