Chaptalization: The addition of sugar to juice before and/or during fermentation, used to boost sugar levels in underripe grapes and alcohol levels in the subsequent wines. Common in northern European countries, where the cold climates may keep grapes from ripening, but forbidden in southern Europe (including southern France and all of Italy) and California.

加糖: 在发酵前和/或发酵期间往葡萄汁里添加糖份，以提高未成熟葡萄的含糖量和发酵后葡萄酒的酒精含量。常用于北欧国家，因为寒冷的天气不利于葡萄的成熟，但是在南欧（包括法国南部和意大利）和加州被禁止使用。